1 Pronunciation and the way of reading
Each character has only one sound.
  There are no C, F, Q, V, X, Z in Abakada (ABC) of Filipino. But, using English ABC
is more convenient for the loanword as well. 
1-1 The pronunciation of the vowel
a [a]　　e [e]　　i [i]　　　o [o]　　u [u]
 "i" and "e" have close pronunciation while "u" and "o" are close also.
 "i" sounds stronger than "e" while "u" sounds stronger than "o".
 "u" and "o" or "i" and "e" are sometimes confused when they are written.
1-2 Pronunciation of Consonant
 (1)  "g",  "ng"
 "g" should be pronounced of strong sound [g] of English "go".
 "ng" is pronounced as one character.  It is not "n-g" [ng] but nasal of "g" [η].  
The pronunciation of "ng" is same as English "ng" of "Song".
(2)  "j" 
 There are proper nouns in which "J" is pronounced as "H", like "Jagna, Jasmin,
 Juan". They are Spanish origin, while the others are English origin like as "Joe".
(3)  "tsa", "tse", "tsi", "tso", "tsu" 
Yo can pronounce "tsa, tse, tsi, tso, tsu" like as "cha, che, che, cho, cho"
1-3 The exceptional way of reading
The article "mga" which shows plural is read exactly same as "manga".
1-4 The way of reading when there is a hyphen or apostrophe
"pag-abut"; Read separately "pag" and "abut", do not continue "pa-ga-but".
"dad-i"; Read "dad" and "i", do not continue "da-di".
1-5 Read/Pronounce words separately
They don't pronounce the words continuously or clingingly.
For example; "Ang iyang sapot" should be pronounced "ang-iyang-sapot", not 
"angiyang-sapot". It means the last consonant of the former word would not cling to the 
vowel of the next word.
1-6 Accent
Most of the cases the accent of words are on the last syllable or the second to the last 
(penult).
1-7 The mixture of the language.
   Mixing words or sentences of English, Spanish or Tagalog into Visayan sentences 
are very popular in the usual conversation.
Please refer the following example, the oblique letters are English.
1-8 Regional differences
Both pronunciation and grammar vary in each state and the area a little.
Cebu area
The example that 'l' changes to 'w'.
bulan (moon) -> buwan magdula (play) ->magduwa
naghulat (wait) -> naghuwat
Bohol
The example that y changes in j
Maayong buntag -> Maajong buntag
2 Subject and Predicate
 I don't know the expression of "Subject and Predicate" is suitable for Visayan grammar.
Basically parallel placing two phrases expresses the two matters are same.
If phrase A and phrase B is equal, it can be shown AB or BA.
When we want to say "I am a student.", it becomes "I student" or "Student I"
There are three ways to show the subject as the following.
(1) The nominative of the pronoun
(2) Person's name with article "si".
(3) Noun /Phrase with article "ang".
2-1 The nominative of the pronoun
　 　 　 abbr.
I 　 ako ko   The point with the person pronoun is that
We 　 kami mi there are two kinds of the first person plural. 
We 　 kita ta One is only first person, while the other contains
You 　 ikaw ka second person.
You 　 kamo mo In the case of "kami", it points only ourselves,
She/He siya ya while in the case of "kita", it containes "you".
They 　 sila la   Frequently abbreviations are used for the 
This 　 kini ni nominative when they are placed in the middle of
That 　 kana na the sentence.
Hapones ako. I'm a Japanese.
Kami kugihan. We are industrious.
Mokaon ta. Let's eat.
Ikaw guapa. You are beautiful.
Buotan ka. You are good person.
Gawas siya. He is out.
Nagdula sila ug tenis. They are playing tennis.
Nindot kini! This is nice.
Unsa man 'na? What is that?
2-2 Article
 'si' article for name of person
 'si' is put only for name of person or pronoun of family (tatay,nanay,lolo,lola, etc.).
The pronoun of family starts by a large letter like as usual name of person.
 * example
Ako si Luis. I am Luis.
Kini si Tony. This is Tony.
Nasuko si Tatay. Father got angry.
Mitindog si Anna. Anna stood up.
Si Lolo gustong moinum ug tuba. Grandpa wants to drink Tuba.
（ gusto ＝like; moinum = will drink;  tuba =  wine of coconut tree )
2-3  'ang' article shows the nominative
 'ang' is put before noun or phrase, and indicates the subject.
 * example
Ang kahoy dako. The tree is big.
（ kahoy ＝ tree;  dako = big )
Nindot ang mga bulak. The flowers are beautiful.
（ nindot ＝ beautiful;  mga = plural is shown;   bulak = flower )
2-4 The position of the subject and the predicate
A subject doesn't need to come before the predicate in Visayan.
It is natural that the predicate rather comes to the front.
The following sentences have same meaning..
* example
   Siya si Nilo.  Si Nilo siya. He is Nilo.
   Miingon siya. Siya miingon.  She said.
Nasakit si Lola. Si Lola nasakit.  Grand mother got sick.
(lola = GrandMa;    sakit = sickness )
   Gamay ang balay. Ang balay gamay. The house is small.
(balay = house;     gamay = small )
Ako gigutom na.  Gigutom na ako. I'm hungry already.
(gutom = hungry;     na = already )
Kugihan sila.  Sila kugihan. They are industrious.
(kugihan = industrious )
Siya naghilak. Naghilak siya. She was crying.
(naghilak = be crying )
Si Nanay nagluto ug panihapon. Mother is cooking for diner.
(nagluto = be cooking;    panihapon = supper;   ug = for )
"si" can be used even more than one person.
Si Tatay ug Nanay nigawas na.  Both father and mother went out.
(tatay = father;   ug = and;   gawas = out )
Misinggit ang bata. The child shouted.
(misinggit = shouted;   bata = child )
Ang akong igsoong babae gwapa. My sister is beautiful.
(akong = my;   igsoon = brother/sister;   babae = woman;   gwapa = beauty)
3 Simple phrases
3-1 ligature    The noun modified by an adjective is connected with nga (ligature).
(By the sound which hung on the nose)
"nindot nga bulak"       beautiful flower  (bulak = flower;   nindot = beautiful)
"bulak nga nindot"       beautiful flower 
Even if the sequence of noun and adjective is changed the meaning doesn't change.
In other words, it doesn't care even if the adjective doesn't come to the front.
nga.jpg
a. When a previous word ends in vowel, 'ng' is put at the end of that word.
gwapang babae or babaeng gwapa  beautiful girl
isdang gamay or gamay nga isda  small fish
(isda = fish;   gamay = small )
 'gamay nga isda' or 'isda nga gamay' is also OK.
b. When the previous word ends 'y' or 'w', it can be treated as it ends in vowel.
 'gamay nga isda' or 'gamayng isda' both ok.
c. 'g' is just put and connected when the front word ends in 'n'.
 'dahong laya' or 'layang dahon'  dread leaf 
(dahon = leaf;   laya = dead )
* "nga" is used as well for connecting a sentence and a sentence.
Gusto si Ana nga magluto ug panihapon.
Ana likes to cook dinner. (Gusto = like )
（magluto = future tense of "cook";    panihapon = dinner ）
This is interpretable as a connection of "gusto si Ana （Ana likes ）and  
"magluto ug panihapon" (cook dinner).
*   In this case also we can use above-mentioned a.b.c.rules.  So we can say also like 
the following.
Si Ana gustong magluto ug panihapon.
Gusto si Ana nga magluto ug panihapon. 
Magluto ug panihapon nga gusto si Ana. 
Magluto ug panihapong gusto si Ana. 
3-2 The possessive/objective
(1)   Personal pronoun
　 　 possessive    +nga postposition abbreviate
my 　 ako 　    akong    nako    'ko 　
our 　 amo 　    among    namo    'mo 　
our 　 ato 　    atong    nato    'to 　
your 　 imo 　    imong    nimo    'mo 　
your 　 inyo 　    inyong    ninyo    'nyo
his/her iya 　    iyang    niya    'iya 　
their 　 ila 　    ilang    nila 　    'la 　
Possesive pronoun changes its form by the position of the modifier.
akong libro  or libro nako my book
imong anak / anak nimo your child
among eskwelahan o eskwelahan namo    our school
   * The child who faces "adult" is "bata" and the child toward "parents" is "anak".
   * The noun modified with these pronouns can be connected with "nga", too.
imong anak nga babae your female child (your daughter)
 (babae = female)
(2) Article  'ni'
You should use article 'ni' before a name of person in possessive form.
' ni' is usable for pronouns of family also.
igsoon ni Tatay brother/siter of Father
Nindot ang pintura ni Mary.  The paint of Mary is beautiful.
 (nindot = nice, beautiful,   pintura = picture)
(3) use 'sa' for common noun 
mapa sa Tokyo A map of Tokyo
kalinaw sa kalibutan World peace
(kalinaw = peace;    kalibutan = world) 
 * Simple sentence examples which the phrases connected with "nga".
Punita ang mga dahong laya. Pick up the fallen leaves.
（punita ang... pick up)  （'mga'  shows plural）
Si Nanay nagluto ug mga lamiang pagkaon.
Mother is cooking delicious dishes.
（nagluto = is cooking;   lamian = delicious;   pagkaon = dish）
4 Tense
4-1 Visayan tense is divided into two, the past and the future while in English there are three.
Any that action has already begun is past tense.
Any that has not yet started or had not realized is future tense.
*  *  Future tense may be used when general truth is expressed.
Mosubang ang adlaw sa sidlakan. The sun rises in the east.
( mosubang = will rise;   adlaw = sun, day;   sidlakan = east )
4-2   The distinction of the past tense and the future tense is done by "prefix" or "suffix" 
which put on to the root word.  There are many kinds of prefix or suffix such as
 "na-, ma-, ni-, mo-, nag-, mag-, gi-, i-, -an, -on, -a, -i" and so on.
The prefix which makes past tense apt to begin from "n" for the first letter and "m" for the 
future tense.
* example
Naghulat ko nimo gahapon. I was waiting for you yesterday.
( hulat = wait;   naghulat = was waiting;   gahapon = yesterday )
Maghulat ko nimo ugma. I 'll be waiting for you tomorrow.
( maghulat = will wait;   ugma = tomorrow )
Midula siya og golf sa miaging semana. He played golf last week.
( midula = played;   miaging = former;   semana = week )
 'og' or 'ug' shows objective and sometimes abbreviated as 'g.
There is 'ug' which means 'and' also.
Modula sila'g golf ugma. They will play golf tomorrow.
( modula = will play )
Nakatulog kaayo gabii ang bata.  The child slept well last night.
( nakatulog = could sleep;   kaayo = very )
Makatulog ko karong gabii. I can sleep tonight.
( makatulog = will be able to sleep;   karon = now )
Nahulog ang bata sa yuta. The child fell into the ground.
( nahulog = fell;   yuta = ground )
Mahulog ang unggoy gikan sa sanga. A monkey will fall from the branch.
( mahulog = will fall;   unggoy = monkey;   sanga = branch )
Iyang gisulat ang imong ngalan sa papel.  He wrote your name on the paper.
( gisulat = was written;   ngalan = name;   papel = paper )
Isulat nako ang imong ngalan sa papel. I write your name in the paper.
( isulat = will be written )
Basahon nako ugma ang libro. I will read the book tomorrow.
( basahon = will read;   libro = book )
5 Affix
'Affix' (prefix, infix or suffix) is one of characteristics of the Philippine language.
 It gives a various meaning to a basic word by putting affix before the stem or inside or 
at the back. It can make an adjective, a verb or a noun by giving an affix to the root 
word or even a loanword.
*     example: kaon 'eat'
mikaon    =  have eaten  mokaon   = will eat
    pag-kaon  =  meal nagkaon  = be eating
inigkaon  =   when eating makakaon   = be able to eat
gikaon  =  which be eaten
5-1 nag-, mag- progressive
 It becomes a verb by putting 'nag' (past tense), 'mag' (future tense) before the stem.
It is used when the progressive form or a habit is shown.
*     example
Nagdula sila ug tenis sa miaging semana. They played tennis last week.
( dula = play;   semana= week;   miaging semana = the last week )
Nagdula sila ug tenis karon. They play tennis today.
Magdula sila ug tenis ugma.  They will play tennis tomorrow.
( karon = today, now;   ugma = tomorrow )
Naghulat si Nanay niya.  Mother is/was waiting for her.
It isn't known whether 'Mother was' or 'is', by this sentence only.
Magbasa si Juan ug libro unya.  Juan will read the book later.
( basa = read;   libro = book )
Kinsa ang magbasa sa sulat. Who will read the letter?
( kinsa = who;   sulat = letter )
Nag-una nila si Trining. Trining is ahead of them.
( una = the first  )
   'naga-maga' is used instead of 'nag-mag' in the time when it needs to make clear or 
emphasize that the movement is going on (progressive).
5-2 ni、mi、mo
In the case of past tense 'mi' or 'ni' is put on before the stem and 'mo' for future tense.
Midula siya ug tenis sa miaging gabii. He played tennis last night.
Midula siya ug tenis karon.     He played tennis today.
Modula siya ug tenis ugma. He will play tennis tomorrow.
When the subject is plural 'ni' is more popular than 'mi'.
Nidula kami ug tenis gahapon. We played tennis yesterday.
Niadto na sila sa Sugbo. They went to Cebu already.
( adto = go;   Sugbo = Cebu city )
5-3 naka、maka                                                              
 It becomes perfect tense when 'naka' or 'maka' is put on the stem as a prefix.
'naka' is past or present perfect tense and 'maka' is for future one. 
There is an implication of possibility as "be able to do" in the both cases.
   Nakatulog kaayo gabii ang masakitong bata. ( tulog = sleep  )
   (masakiton = sick ) The sick child could sleep well last night.
   Nakakita ko ug milagro. I saw a miracle.
( kita = look milagro = miracle )
   Nakahimo siya ug usa ka salaod. He committed a crime.
( himo = do usa ka = one of salaod = sin/crime/failure )
   Nakasunod siya ug dakong katigayonan. He inherited enormous wealth.
( sunod = follow/inherit dako = big katigayonan = fortune )
   Nakabuak siya ug dakong plato. She broke a big plate.
( buak = break )
   Nakasakit ako sa iyang balatian. I hurt her feeling.
( sakit = harm/injure  balatian = feeling/heart )
   Nakautang siya nako ug usa ka gatus ka pesos.
( utang = debt/borrow money  gatus = 100 )
He borrows 100 pesos from me.
   Nakasabot ko sa imong katin-awan. I understand your explanation.
( sabot = understand  katin-awan = explanation )
   Makaantus ka ba sa sakit? Can you bear the pain?
   ( antus = endure sakit = pain )
   *     Affix can be attached to noun or loanword too.
   When prefix is given, a noun or a foreign word can be changed to the verb.
Nagtenis kami kagabii. Last night we played tennis.
   Mag-check-in ta una. Let's check-in first.
5-4  na、ma、nanga、manga、nahi、mahi
It becomes an intransitive verb or passivity when 'na' or 'ma' is put on the stem as a prefix.
As for the past or present completion tense 'na', and for the future one 'ma' is adopt.
Some of the verb (mostly intransitive) use only this conjugation. 
'na' or 'ma' is used to make verb using adjective or noun as a stem.
It can be often translated "become" or "the one who did"
  'nanga-manga' may be used instead of 'na-ma' when the subject is plural.
ma' is used also to make adjevtive.
(1) Passive expression
Natukod nila ang balay. The house was built by them.
( tukod = build;   balay = house )
Nalakat namo ang dalan. We walked the street.
( lakat = walk;   dalan = street )
Nakita niya ang daghang paburot. She saw a lot of balloons.
( kita = see;   daghan = plenty;   paburot = balloon )
These can be expressed as 'ilang natukod', 'among nalakat' or 'iyang nakita'.
'na' or 'ma' may sometimes be with suffix 'an' to emphasize completion.
Iyang nakitaan ang paburot nga pula. She had seen a red balloon.
 (2) Intransitive
  Nahulog ang bata. A kid fell down.
    Nahulog sa yuta ang prutas. The fruit fell into the ground.
( yuta = ground, earth;   prutas = fruit )
  Nabali ang sanga. The branch was broken.
    Natulog ang bata sa katre. The child slept in the bed.
    Matulog ako ugma sa inyong balay. I will sleep in your house tomorrow.
    Nabuak ang baso. The glass was broken.
( buak = break;   baso = cup, glass )
    Nahadlok ang babae sa halas. The woman was afraid of snakes.
( hadlok = be afraid;   halas = snake )
    Matulog ko ug sayo karong gabii. I will go to bed early tonight.
( sayo = early )
*  There are verbs whose root word meanings change when transitive change intransitive.
miadto = went;    naadto = done
Miadto siya sa Manila. He went to Manila.
Naadto na nako ang imong gisugo. I have done what you had requested.
( sugo = request, order;   gisugo = which was requested )
*  Some verbs take 'nahi' or 'mahi'.
Or maybe we should think  'hi+root' as one word.
Nahikurat ko sa balita. I was surprised at the news.
( balita = news, announce )
Nahigugma siya nimo. She is in love with you.
Nahisulat niya ang tula. The poem was written by him.
Nahibalo ba ka ug unsay nahitabo niya?
Do you know what has happened to him?
( ba = make interrogative;    Nahitabo = what is happened )
*   'nanga-manga' is taken instead of 'na-ma' when it is emphasized that a subject is plural.
Nangahulog sila sa kahoy. They fell down from the tree.
Nangabali ang mga sanga. Branches were broken.
Nangasakit ang mga bata. The children became sick.
(3)  Examples to put on the adjective or on the noun and which becomes a verb.
Ang bata nako namaayo hangtod karong buntag.
My baby recovered by this morning.
( maayo = good;   namaayo = become good;   hangtod = until )
Naputi ang iyang buhok sa usa ka gabii. His hair became white by one night.
  ( puti = white;   naputi = become white )
Ang damgo niya maabogado ug mokuha og daghang kuwarta.
  ( abogado = lawyer ) It is his dream to be a lawyer and get plenty of money.
  Kung mahuman ka sa imong kurso maabogado ka na!
You will be a lawyer when you finish your course.
(4)  As making adjective
There are many adjectives which have 'ma' as prefix.
5-5  Prefix gi-i
Prefix 'gi' or 'i' makes passive voice. This is a very popular expression in Visayan.
  Gisulat nako ang awit. The song was written by me.
  In the above sample, "gisulat" is translated with "the written thing"
It is the song which was written by me.
Gidala nako si Inday. I brought Inday.
Who I brought is Inday.
Above two samples can be expressed "Akong gisulat ang awit." or "Akong gidala si Inday".
Gipaak ako sa kasag. I was nipped by a crab.
Giabot ko sa kaguol. I became sad.
( kaguol = sadness )
Wala nako gituyo. It wasn't my intention.
( tuyo = intend )
Unsay imong gisulti? What have you said?
Giadto nako ang kabaw sa tunaan. I brought the carabao for bathing.
A prefix gi- shows condition about the intransitive verb.
  Gigutom ako. I'm hungry.
Giuhaw siya. She felt thirsty.
A beneficiary is sometimes taken as a nominative and in such case suffix 'an" is added.
  Gibuhatan ni Luz ug sinina ang monyeka.
It was the doll for that Luz made a dress.
Gibuhat ni Luz ang sinina sa monyeka.
It was a dress that Luz made for the doll.
The future tense of the prefix 'gi' is 'i-'.
Akong ihalad kining awit sa akong inahan. I offer this song to my mother.
  Kining awit ihalad nako para sa akong inahan.
( halad = offer )
Gisulat ang awit karon. The song is written now.
  Akong isulat ang imong ngalan sa papel. I write your name on the paper.
( ngalan = name;   papel = paper )
  Kining ballpen ihatag nimo kanako? You give me this ball pen? 
You can make imperative form by putting i-verb on the head of sentence.
Ipataas ang imong mga kamot. Put your hands up.
Isulat ang imong ngalan sa papel. Write your name on the paper.
5-6 pa-
When prefix 'pa' is stuck, it changes the meaning contained  "let one do". (causative)
Miabot kami alas sete sa kagabii. Last night we arrived at seven.
Gipaabot nako ang mga bisita. I welcomed/waited visitors.
( abot = arrive;   paabot = greet/wait )
Gidala niya ang bugnaw nga tubig. she brought cold water.
( bugnaw = cold )
Gipadala niya ang bag-ong libro. She sent a new book.
( dala = bring;   padala = send )
Patan-awa siya sa imong sulat. Show your letter to her.
( tan-aw = look;   patan-aw = show )
Padayona ug palingkura ang mga bisita. Let the guests in and sit.
( Dayon ug lingkud！ = Come in and have a seat! )
Akong gipahigda ang batang nasakit. I laid down the sick child.
( higda = lie down;   pahigda = lay down )
Ikaw pakitaon ko sa akong tinagoan.  I'll show you my secret.
( kita = look;   pakita = show;   tago = hide;   tinagoan = secret )
5-7  Suffix "on", "hon"
 Suffix "on" ( In some case to attach to vowel it may be "hon") shows future tense and also 
shows actors will. Use passive voice.
Patyon ko ikaw. I will kill you.
Basahon nako ugma ang libro. I'll read the book tomorrow.
Sulaton ni Juan ang estorya.  The story will be written by Juan.
Basahon ni Lito ang libro.  Lito will read the book.
Awiton nila ang kanta karong gabii.  They will sing the song tonight.
7-15 Prefix ga-
Prefix 'ga-' is used same as 'nag-' or 'na-' in case.
Gailis ko ug sapatos. I changed my shoes.
Nagilis ko ug sapatos. I changed my shoes.
Giilisan nako ang sapatos. I changed my shoes.
Gaguol ko nga mawala ka kanako. I am sad that you leave me.
Maguol ko nga mawala ka kanako. I am sad that you leave me.
5-8 suffix  -a, -i ('-ha', '-hi' when attaching to a vowel)
When you put suffix -a or -i, you can make imperative sentence.
a.      put suffix -a
Kan-a ang keyk.  Eat the cake.
Tan-awa! Look!
Bukha ang imong mga mata! Open your eyes!
b.      putting suffix -i after verb end then objective becomes clear.
Dad-i ko ug tubig. Bring me water.
Naabli ang portahan. The door was opened.
Ablihi ang portahan. Open the door (for me).
The difference of -a and -i is like the following.
Buhata ang senina sa monyeka. Make a dress for the doll.
Buhati ug senina ang monyeka. Let the doll be made a dress.
Basaha ang libro. Read the book.
Basahi siya ug libro. Read the book for him.
But sometimes it's not so clear like the following.
Putli ang pisi.  Let the string be cut.
Putla ang pisi. Cut the string.
When a suffix attached a plenty of stem also have change like the following.
Imni kining juice. (inom) Drink this juice.
Imna kining juice. (inom) Drink this juice.
Dalhi ko og tubig. (dala) Bring me water.
Dalha ang tubig. (dala) Bring the water.
5-9  Suffix "-an" 
   Suffix "an" is used when the object of action was focused and became a subject.
 "where it has done" or "what it was done" is the feeling translation.
Ang gamay nga balay dulaan sa prinsesa.
The princess played in the small house.
( It is the small house in which the princess was playing.)
Hatagan ni Luis si Bronzie ug libro.  Luis gave a book to Bronzie.
Katulgan sa bisita ang imong kwarto.  The guest slept in your room.
Bisitahan ni Rey si Fe. Rey visited Fe.
In case to show a custom.
Akong hugasan ang awto nako kada Sabado. 
Every Saturday I wash may car.
Akong labhan ang senina nako kada adlaw. Everyday I wash my clothes.
5-10 Afix ka-, ka- -an, ka- -on
 When the prefix 'ka' was stuck to stem it become noun. In case of additional suffix 'an' 
it becomes a collective noun or an abstract noun.
mingaw   =   lonely kamingaw    =    loneliness
sayod   =   know kasayuran   =   knowledge
kahoy   =  tree kakahuyan       =  forest
saging  = banana kasagingan      =  banana plantation
lubi  =  coconut kalubihan        =   coco plantation
matay     =     die kamatayon   =    death
asul     =     blue kaasul      =      blueness
Gusto kong asul nga langit. I like the blue sky.
Gusto ko sa kaasul sa langit. I like the blueness of the sky.
5-11 Infix '-in-'
In affix there are not only prefix or suffix but also infix like as 'in' or 'um'.
 In the case of prefix or suffix, they add some definite meanings to the words 
and adoptable almost all words. But the following affixes are not always adoptable 
to all words and meaning change is not always same direction.
 In some cases it may be better not to conscious as affixes but an complex word.
(1)  Meaning of 'a little by little' or repeat
bulan = month binulan = monthly
adlaw = day inadlaw = daily
tuig = year tinuig = yearly
gagmay = a little ginagmay = a little by little
utang = debt inutang = installment
(2)  Meaning 'which was done'
palit = buy pinalit = purchased item
buhat = make binuhat = man made (artificial)
dapit = invite dinapit = guest (invited one)
bati = feel binati = lover
(3)  Abstract nominalization with 'an' 
dagan = run dinagan = scurry
dali = haste dinalian = emergency
gikan = origin ginikanan = ancestor
hangyo = ask hinangyan = discount
sati = know kasinatian = experience
tago = hide tinagoan = secret
sugat = greet sinugatan = souvenir
sugod = begin sinugdan = beginning
sulat = write sinulatan = writing
tuo = believe tinuohan = belief
Pasko = chrismas pinaskohan = Xmas gift
5-12 pagka-, nagka-, magka
  It's nominalized first by 'ka' and next become verb by 'nag'. 
By these process the meaning change more narrow.
5-13 pang/nang/mang
"nang-mang" is used when a stem begins from the specific consonant k or s. 
Though it gives the same meaning as "nag, mag".  "pang-" makes a gerund or a noun.
Depending on the verb, nag-mag conjugation is also used.
Nangutana si Tatay "Nganong naulahi ka?"
My father asked " why are you late?"
Wala ko mangutana niya. I did not ask him.
Wala nako tubaga ang iyang pangutana.  I did not answer his question.
Sometimes if the first letter of word stem is 'k' or 's', the pag+'k/s' change to 'pang'.
katawa laugh pagkatawa ⇒ pangatawa laughing
kawat theft nagkawat ⇒ nangawat thieved
kuha get nagkakuha ⇒ nanguha acquire
5-14 pakig-, nakig-, makig-, nagpakig-, magpakig wish to be …, going to do …, start to ...
higala friend nagpakighigala wish to be a friend of
away quarrel nakigaway try to fight with
kita meet Ayaw pagkigkita niya. Don't try to meet him.
Makigkita ko nimo. I'd like to meet you,
5-15 tig- The one who do …
alagad service tig-alagad host, care taker
dayeg praise tigdayeg admirer
patik print tigpatik printer
5-16 ting- Season of …,  time of …
bulak flower tingpamulak spring
ulan rain ting-ulan rainy season
ani harvest ting-ani harvest time
5-17 hi- Denoting "involuntariness, casualness" of happening or action.
gugma  love (n.) nahigugma love (v.)
buot wish nahimuot be satisfied
sulti speak hinulti talkative
5-18 Example of affix
sulti Ang sulti sa … the story by …
misulti Misulti ba siya sa tinuod? Did he tell the truth?
mosulti Wala siya mosulti. He didn't tell.
nagasulti Nagasulti siya sa maestro. He is talking with his teacher.
magsulti Magsulti ka ba sa maestro? Will you tell to our teacher?
nakasulti Nakasulti ko niya. I have spoken to him.
makasulti Makasulti ko karon ug bisaya. I can speak Visaya now.
sultihon Soltihon ko ang tinuod sa pulis. I will tell the truth to the police.
sultihan Sultihan siya nako. I told him.
nasulti Nasulti ang tinuod niya sa pulis. The truth was told by him to the police.
masulti Dili masulti ang tinuod niya. The truth will not be told by him.
gisulti Wala tinuod ang imong gisulti What you told was not true.
gisultihan Gisultihan nako si Tatay sa tinuod.  I've told the truth to my father.
isulti Isulti nako ang tinuod. I'll tell the truth.
pagsulti Ayaw pagsulti. Don't speak.
sinultihan Pila ang sinultihan sa Pilipinas? How many languages in the Philippins.
pasulti Nagpasulti siya nako. He made me tell.
kasulti Kinsa imong kasulti? Whom are you speaking to?
ikasulti Unsa imong ikasulti sa … What will you say about …
kasultian Kasultian ka ba nako sa akong problema?
Can you talk with me about my problem?
sultianay Nagsultianay ang akong ig-agaw ug ang akong Mama.
My cousin and my mother is talking together.
5-19 Inflection by suffix
There are some changes of consonant when suffix adopted.
*  d,s,t →n
dagko (big) → nanagko (become big)
dagan (run) → nanagan (run)
singgit (cry) → naninggit (crying)
sakay (ride on) → manakay (will ride)
tabi (talk) → nahinabi (interview)
dawat (receive) → hinawat (reception)
tan-aw (look) → nanan-aw (looked)
*  d→r
bayad (pay) → bayari (pay)
sayod (know) → kasayoran (knowledge)
manghud (young) → kinamanghuran (youngest)
nasod (place) → kanasoran (nations)
*  p,b →m
pula (red) → namula (blushed)
baligya (sell) → namaligya (sold)
*  Abbreviation of vowel when the last letter of stem end consonant
pugos  (force) → pugsa imperative
kasal (marry) → pakaslan nominalize
sunod (follow) → sundon nominalize
sabot (understand) → sabton nominalize
sugod (begin) → sinugdan nominalize
*  The last letter of stem end vowel
kita → kit-an mata → mat-an tagu → tag-an puyo → puy-an
*  Diphthong
buot → but-an paon → pan-an tuon → tun-an taas → tas-an
*  with the change of consonant
padala → padad-an sala → sad-an
6 Interrogative sentence
6-1 Using 'ba'
 You can make Interrogative sentence by changing the tone high the end of the sentence.
But if you add 'ba' then it makes more clear.
Molakaw ba sila ugma?  Will they leave tomorrow?
Buotan ba kanang babae? Is that woman kind?
Mokaon ba ako? Shall I eat?
Limpyo ba ang bata?  Is the child clean?
Kugihan ba si Pedro? Is Pedro industrious?
 'ba'  is usually placed after the verb or predicate. But monosyllabic words 
 ( ka, ko, mo, na, pa, etc) may be placed before 'ba'.
Molakaw na ba sila?  Will they go now?
Molakaw ka na ba?  Molakaw na ba ka?  Will you go already?
Hugaw pa ba siya?  Is he still dirty?
 'makahimo' or 'mahimo' is corresponding 'can' or 'may' in English.
Makahimo ka ba pagsulti niya? Could you tell him?
* The answer to the interrogative sentence using 'ba' is 'Oo/O' for "Yes" and  'Dili/Di'
 or  'Wala/Wa' for "No".
6-2 Interrogative pronoun
 'ba' is not must when you use interrogative pronoun.
kinsa   who
Kinsa ba ang imong kauban? Who is your company?
Kinsa bay imong kauban? 
Kinsa ka? Who are you?
Kinsa ang kinsa? Who is who?
unsa   what
Unsa ba ang imong gusto. What do you like?
Unsa bay imong gusto?  （What is your favorite?）
Unsay ngalan nimo? What is your name?
bay' or 'unsay' is same as 'ba ang' or 'unsa ang'.
Unsa ka kataas? How tall are you?
Unsa mang dulaa? What kind of play?
Unsang isdaa? What kind of fish?
Unsa ang bahin nimo? How about you?
Gi-unsa nimo pagkaila nako? How did you know me?
Naunsa kaha? What happened?
Unsa na imong giluto? What did you cook?
Naunsa na imong giluto? What happened to your cooking.
ngano   why
Nganong nagkatawa ka? Why are you laughing?
Wala ako masayod ngano. I don't know why.
kanus-a   when;      anus-a  when (limit only future tense)
Kanus-a ka ba molakaw? When will you go?
Anus-a ka molakaw?
Kanus-a ba sila moabot? When will they arrive?
Kanus-a ka mianhi? When did you come?
tagpila   how much
Tagpila ba kini? How much is this?
Tagpila ba ang abang sa usa ka adlaw? How much is the hire for one day.
（ abang = rental, hire )
pila   how many, how much
Pila ba ang imong anak? How many children do you have?
Pila bay imong anak? How many children do you have?
Pila kabuok ang imong igsoon? How many brothers/sisters do you have?
kabuok:  unit of numerable thing
Pila kametro ang kalawom sa dagat? How many meters is the depth of the sea?
asa   where
Asa ka ba paingon?  Where are you going?
Asa ako mopalit ug ticket sa Supercat?
Where shall I buy the ticket for the Super Cat?
hain   where
Hain ang lugar sa cosmetik? Where is the place for cosmetics.
diin where（past tense）
Diin siya gikan? Where does he come from?
kumosta   how 
Kumosta ang imong Inahan? How is your mother?
7 Exclamatory sentence
pagka-
Pagkanindot niining bungtod. How beautiful this mountain is!
Pagkadako sa building. How big the building is!
Pagkataas mo. How tall you are!
unsa 
Unsa kanindot kining bungtod! How beautiful this mountain is!
Unsa kadako ang building.  How big the building is!
Unsa man ang imong katas-on.  How tall you are!
Unsa kalooy.  How pity!
It's similar to interrogative sentence. It's similar to interrogative sentence.
Unsa kalawom ang suba. How deep the river is.
Unsa ba kalawom ang suba?  How deep is the river?
8 Negative sentence
8-1  To make negative sentence 'wala' or 'dili' is put on the top or before verb.
Basically 'wala' is for the past tense and 'dili' is for future tense.
  The verb after 'wala' or 'dili' takes future tense form.
Wala sila mokaon. / Sila wala mokaon. They didn't eat (anything).
Wala siya mosulti sa tinuod. She didn't tell the truth.
Siya wala mosulti sa tinuod.
Wala siya moabot.  He hasn't arrived.
Wala ako makasabot. I don't understand.
Wala magbanga atong sakyanan.. Our vehicle had not bumped.
Dili siya mokaon.  He will not eat.
Dili siya mosulti sa tinuod. She will not tell the truth.
Dili sila gustong molakaw.  They don't want to go.
Dili kini mabuak. This will not be broken.
8-2  'wala' is used as the meaning of 'nothing'. 
 In this case 'dili' is not good even in the future tense.
Wala siya dinhi. He is not here.
Duna ka bay libro? Do you have a book?
Wala. No.
Wala kami klase karon. We don't have class today.
Kami walay klase ugma.    We will not have class tomorrow.
 When you put prefix 'na' or 'ma', wala become a verb also.
Nawala ang akong lapis. My pencil was lost.
8-3 To show the will or feeling, 'dili' is useful.
Moadto ka ba sa Sugbo?   Dili. Will you go to Cebu city? No, I won't.
Gusto ka ba'g saging?  Dou you like banana?
Dili ako gusto ug saging. No, I don't like banana.
Ang akong tubag dili. My answer is No.
Dili ko moadto sa  merkado.  I will not go to market.
*   'dili' is often abridged as 'di' and 'wala' is as 'wa' likewise.
9 Imperative
9-1 Imperative sentence by passive voice
To focus on the beneficiary / recipient, put the suffix '-i' to the end of stem.
Tabangi ko!  Help me!
Tagai ko ug tubig. Give me a glass of water.
Paliti ug dulaan ang bata. Buy a toy for the child.
To focus on the object, put the suffix '-a' to the end of stem. 
Kantaha ang mga hymn.  Sing the hymns.
Tan-awa! (ang bulak) Look!　(at the flower)
Using prefix 'i-' 
Ibutang ang bata sa iyang kuna. Put the child in his crib.
Ipakita ang imong kaisog. Show your courage!
Ihatag ang akong pangumusta. Give my regards.
9-2 Active voice
Root word or gerund form
If you wish the action immediately add 'na'（already）. 
a. gerund: put 'pag' as prefix.
Pagsulti sa tinuod.  Tell the truth.
Pagbantay sa paglakaw! Be careful for walking.
Pag-ilis na! Change now.
b. Use root word
Kaon sa mga prutas. Eat fruits.
Sakay na kamo. Ride on, everybody.
*  To order plural recipients use 'kamo'.
Adto kamo sa simbahan. Everybody, go to church.
Bantay ha?  Take care, eh?
Pauli na. Go home now.
Kon dili ka mosayaw, kanta. If you don't dance, sing!
Hulat lang.  Just wait.
Dali kamo. Hurry up. Come here!
Bangon na!  Get up now.
9-3 Prohibition
To show prohibition is putting 'Ayaw' before the imperative sentence.
a. Passive voice
Ayaw kan-a ang iyang keyk. Don't eat her cake.
Ayaw kuhaa ang akong lapis. Don't get my pencil.
Ayaw imna ang iyang gatas. Don't drink his milk.
Ayaw putla ang lubid. Don't cut the string.
Ayaw ablihi ang pultahan. Don't open the door.
Ayaw sulati ang akong mga libro. Don't write on my book.
Ayaw kan-a ang walay-hugas nga utanon.
Don't eat unwashed vegetables.
Ayaw basaha ang akong sulat. Don't read my letter.
Ayaw una ug tan-awa. Don't look first.
Ayaw ilabay ang basura. Don't throw garbage away.
Ayaw ibaligtad ang kahon. Don't reverse the box.
b. Using gerund form
Ayaw pag-adto.  Don't go.
Ayaw kamo pag-adto. You (plural) should not go.
Ayaw pag-sunod nako.  Don't follow me.
Ayaw kamo pag-sunod nako. Don't follow me.
Ayaw pagkaon kanunay. Don't eat always something.
Ayaw pagsulti sa tinuod. Don't tell the truth.
Ayaw na paghilak, bata. Don't cry anymore, baby.
Ayaw pagbasa sa ngit-ngit. Don't read at dark place.
Ayaw kamo kahadlok. Don't be afraid.
Ayaw kasuko. Don't get angry.
Ayaw na pagkabalaka. Don't mind me. / Don't worry.
9-4 To make polite expression put 'Palihog' on the top or the end of sentence.
Palihug pagsulti hinay-hinay. Could you speak more slowly?
( hinay = slowly hinay-hinay = more slowly)
9-5 Let us do (Exhortation)
Magdula kita. Let's play.
Adto na kita. Let's go.
Atong bagtingon ang lingganay. Let's ring the bell.
( bagting = ring  lingganay = bell )
10 Other expression
nia, ania: here is naa, anaa: there is
Naa ba si Mr. Sato? Is there Mr.Sato?
Nia na ako. Ania na ko. I'm home.
Ania na ang Taxi. Here is the taxi.
Nia ang regalo sa imong Birthday. This is your birthday gift.
Ayaw pagsaba kon naay mangadye. Don't annoy when they are in prayer.
ko ang ⇒ koy naa ang = naay walay = wala ang
duna, aduna: have
Duna kay kuwarta? Do you have money?
Walay kuwarta = Wala ang kuwarta No money.
Naay kuwarta? Do you have money?
Aduna ba siyay maanyag nga dalaga?  Does he have a beautiful daughter?
Duna koy sakyanan. I have a vehicle.
Dunay moanhi sa ato. I'll have a visitor.
Duna ba kamoy binurdahang panyo? Do you have an embroidered handkerchief?
Oo, duna kami. Yes we have.
mao, may: be
Ang pagpanahi maoy nakabese nako matag-Sabado. 
(bese = busy ） I'm busy by sewing every Saturday.
Ang atong agenda karong hapona mao ang komperensiya nga himoon sa Tokyo.
Today's agenda is about the conference in Tokyo.
May sinina nga asul, pula, ug dalag. They are blue, red and yellow dresses.
May putos iyang gidala. It's a bundle he brought.
*  Expression of "what " or "which"
Kini akong gustong mahibaloan. This is what I like to know.
Unsay imong gibuhat? What did you do?
Unsay imong buhaton? What will you do?
Unsay imong nabuhat? What have you done?
Daghan pa kaayo kita ug buhaton. We have still plenty to do.
11 compound sentence
 There is no specific auxiliary verb. Normal verb can be used like as auxiliary using 
ligature.
11-1 gusto, buot like to do / want to 
Ako gusto ni Mary. I like Mary.
Gusto nako si Mary. I like Mary.
Gusto sila nga magdula sa golf. They want to play golf.
Gustong mokaon ug keyk ang bata. The child wants to eat a cake.
Gustong mobasa si Mary ug Bibliya. Mary wants to read Bible.
Gusto ni Mary ang pagbasa ug Bibliya. Mary likes reading Bible.
Dili ko gustong mosayaw. I don't want to dance.
Buot kong mosayaw. I want to dance.
Dili ba siya gustong mosulti?  Doesn't she like to speak? 
Gusto bang molakaw ang lalaki? Does the man want to go?
Gusto nakong moinom ug gatas. I like to drink milk.
11-2 kinahanglan/gikinahanglan need sth  / have to do / must
Gikinahanglan nato ang pagkaon. We need foods.
Kinahanglang moadto ko. I must go.
Kinahanglan siyang magtuon ug maayo. He must study hard.
Kinahanglang mokaon ug lab-as nga mga utanon ang mga bata. 
Children need to eat fresh vegetables.
Kinahanglan sila nga moadto sa simbahan.
They have to go to church.
Gikinahanglan natong maligo kada adlaw. 
We need to take a bath everyday.
11-3 makahimo/mahimo can / may / be able to
Makahimo kang mosugod karon. Now you may start.
Makahimo akong mosulti karon sa Bisaya.  Now I can speak Visaya.
Mahimo ka ba maghulat? Could you wait?
Mahimo bang hatagi ko'g itlog ug tostadang pan?
May I have an egg and toasted breads?
11-4 Using gerund
Put a prefix 'pag' to the verb which conjugate with mi-mo or nag-mag.
Milakaw siya paingon sa Estados Unidos.  He left to USA.
Ang iyang paglakaw nakapasubo nako.  His leaving made me sad.
Gusto siyang mokaon ug mga tam-is. She likes to eat sweets.
Ang pagkaon ug mga tam-is nakatambok niya. 
Taking sweets made her fat.
Gusto kong magtanom ug mga jasmin sa among nataran.   
I like to plant jasmine on our garden.
Ang pagtanom ug jasmin lisud kaayo.  Planting Jasmine is very difficult.
Nagsulat siya sa iyang asawa.  He is writing to his wife.
Ang iyang pagsulat sa iyang asawa nakalipay niya. 
His writing to his wife makes her happy.
Put prefix 'pagka' to the verb stem which conjugate with 'na-ma'.
Naligo siya gahapon. Yesterday he took bath.
Ang iyang kanunayng pagkaligo nakasakit niya. 
His frequent bathing made him sick.
Nasuko siya. He got angry.
Nahadlok ako sa iyang pagkasuko. I was afraid him getting angry.
Ang iyang pagkasuko nakahadlok nako.
11-5 Connecting by ligature.
Hinay siya nga milakaw padulong sa princesa.
He slowly went forward to the princess.
Nahadlok siya nga dili makatubag sa pangutana.
He was afraid not to able to answer the question.
Daghan ang mga tawo nga nakita niya. He saw a lot of people.
Malipayon kaayo siya nga naghulat sa iyang inadlawan.
She was very happy to wait for her birthday present.
Gusto na kaayo sila nga motan-aw sa giputos nga inadlawan.
They wanted to see the package of birthday present.
Gusto ko + nga ⇒ Gusto kong  or Ako gustong
Gusto kong moinom ug gatas. I like to drink milk.
Gustong mokaon sa keyk ang bata. The child wants to eat the cake.
Difference between gerund and ligature
Makahimo ka paglakaw pero balik dayon.
You may go but come back immediately.
Makahimo ka nga molakaw pero balik dayon.
12  Appendices
12-1 A verb can be a subject?
Putting 'ang' in front of verb makes subject as well.
 It's like similar to a relative pronoun.
Unsay imong gipalit. What have you bought?
Kinsa ang nagpalit ug kapayas? Who bought the papaya?
Ang nagpalit miuban pagsinggit. The person who was buying shout together.
Ang gipalit niya daotan. His bought one was rotten.
*  Whether the term of the "nominative" is suitable?
As for the subject it isn't limited who is carried out an action in the case of Visayan.
An object that you want to emphasize, becomes the subject.
For example, "I ran through Mango Avenue." When it is said in Visayan,
(1) Nagdagan ko sa Mango Avenue.  ( nagdagan = run, be running  )
 or
(2) Gidagan nako ang Mango Avenue.
( gidagan = passive voice of 'dagan';   nako = possessive case of 'ako' )
Though in the first sentence "ko" is the same as English  "I" with the subject.
While 'Mango Avenue' is the subject by the second sentence.
When it is translated literally;
It is Mango Avenue where I have run.   Or
It is Mango Avenue that I have run. (Refer to an affix gi-.)
12-2 Using 'dili' makes fertile expression
Nagipon sila bisan dili kasal. They are living together without marriage.
Kinahanglan kang mokaon ug utanon dili lang kay karne.
You need to eat vegetable not only meat.
Dili lang kay isda anaa sa tubig.  Not only fish are living in water.
Ang kadaghanan, kon dili man tanan, Almost, if not all,
Dili out of choice kon dili out of necessity.
Not from out of choice but from out of necessity
12-3 ug 'ug' is used same as 'and' in English but there is another 'ug' or 'og'.
A postpositional particle to show the object of action or to specify the action.
( It can be shown sometimes as 'g or simply g is attached to the end 
of the former word)
Nagbuhat siya ug daob. He made a bonfire.
Sa dili pa nako sugdan, tagai ko ug higayon, sa pagpangayo ug katahoran.
Before we start, give me the chance to ask a greeting.
sakay ug ayroplano: ride in an airplane basa ug libro: read a book
padad-an ug postcard: send a postcard dakop ug isda: catch a fish
pangita ug sth : look for sth hatag ug sth : give sth
himo ug sth : do sth butang ug sth : place sth
*  Similar usage as ligature
Daghan ako ug igsoon nga dalaga. I have plenty of sisters.
Gikapoy ko ug dula. I was tired to play.
Taas ka ug garbo. You have a high pride.
Gamay siya ug hawak. She has a slim waist.
12-4 sa 'sa' also similar usage as a postpositional particle
*  to indicate a subject/object of verb (action)
Padayon kamo sa inyong buhat. Continue your work.
paggukod sa baboy chase a pig
trabaho uban sa singot  work in a sweat
Naulahi ko sa biyahe.  I was late for the trip.
Nakabalita ka sa tulis nga nahitabo? Do you know the happening of robbery.
Naulaw siya sa iyang hugaw nga sapot. 
He was ashamed of his dirty clothes.
Ayaw pagundang sa trabaho.  Don't quit your job.
Miabaga ako sa tanang gastohan.  I have shouldered all expenses.
Wala ko makauyon sa imong plano.  I can't agree with you plan.
Tungang gabii sa dihang ang sakyanan napuli sa kalabasa. 
It was at midnight when the carriage changed to a squash.
*  to indicate an area, to focus a part
usa sa mga kauban one of the group
Molakaw ta sayo sa buntag ugma. Let's go early tomorrow morning.
Naagian nako ang kalisud sa kinabuhi. 
I have experienced the difficulty of the life.
Itom kaayo ang sulod sa imong tiyan.  He is black-hearted.
Pataas sa tuhod paa.  The upper of knee is thigh.
*  to indicate location, place or time
Niagi ko sa gamay karsada.  I have passed through a narrow street.
Moadto ta sa sine sa umaabot Dominggo.  Let's go to cinema coming Sunday.
Moadto ko sa Sugbo ugma sa buntag.  I will go to Cebu tomorrow morning.
*  to make adverb
sa atubangan in the front  sa ibabaw above
sa dili pa  before sa ilalum underneath
sa gawas in the outside sa kanunay always
sa palibot around
giguyod sa atong iro pulled by our dog
Siya ang akusado sa pagpangawat. He is a thief suspect. 
Tudlo-i nang mga bata sa katarung.  Teach those children the reason.
Hatagi kami ug tugot sa pagtugpa.  Give us landing permission.
12-5 Supplementary examples of ligature
Siya akong gisuntok. I struck him.
It can be expressed as
Ako siyang gisuntok.
（Siya + ako) nga gisuntok. 　We don't mind the sequence inside of （　）.
In this sentence 'ako' is possessive case.
So, how about in case of "He struck me."
Ako iyang gisuntok.         or  Iya akong gisuntok.
In this sentence 'ako' is nominative case.
Ako gisuntok niya.   also OK.
Additionally more samples for second person.
Ikaw akong gisuntok. I struck you.
Ako kang gisuntok. I struck you.
Imo akong gisuntok. You struck me.
Ako imong gisuntok. You struck me.
12-6 Suffix '-a'
a. Progressive form of noun? …with 'karon'
   * Difference between 'karong gabiona' and 'karong gabii'
If it's not yet night now, you should use 'gabii' and if already night, use gabiona.
  Alimuot kaayo karong gabiona. It's muggy tonight.
  Magtugpa ang bagyo karong gabii kuno. 
They say that the typhoon will land tonight.
There are some other nouns which denote progressive by putting '-a'.
  Atong humanon ang trabaho karong buntaga.
Let's finish the work in this morning.
  Naay trafic accident karong buntag.
There was a traffic accident this morning.  (now already afternoon)
buntag buntaga gabii gabhiona
hapon hapona adlaw adlawa
semana semanaha bulan bulana
tuig tuiga
b. Put to personal pronoun
akoa mine
imoha yours
iyaha his/hers
atoa ours
inyaha yours
ilaha theirs
c. Put to noun    feeling of before one's eyes
aning dalana this street
dihang dapita this place
anang panahuna that season